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Differences What are the advantages of each

Front view of Radeon R9 280

Reasons to consider the
AMD Radeon R9 280

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More memory 3,072 MB vs 2,048 MB 50% more memory
More shading units 1,792 vs 1,280 512 more shading units
More texture mapping units 112 vs 80 32 more texture mapping units
Wider memory bus 384 bit vs 256 bit 50% wider memory bus
More compute units 28 vs 20 8 more compute units
Front view of Radeon R9 270X

Reasons to consider the
Sapphire Radeon R9 270X

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Much higher clock speed 1,100 MHz vs 827 MHz Around 35% higher clock speed
Higher effective memory clock speed 6,000 MHz vs 5,000 MHz 20% higher effective memory clock speed
Significantly higher turbo clock speed 1,150 MHz vs 933 MHz Around 25% higher turbo clock speed
Higher pixel rate 35.2 GPixel/s vs 26.5 GPixel/s Around 35% higher pixel rate
Higher memory clock speed 1,500 MHz vs 1,250 MHz 20% higher memory clock speed

Features Key features of the Radeon R9 280  vs 270X 

pixel rate Number of pixels a graphics card can render to the screen every second

Radeon R9 280
26.5 GPixel/s
Radeon R9 270X
35.2 GPixel/s
But the difference is quite big, bigger than the extra performance delivered, which has the R9 270X HAWK fall behind the HD 7950 in performance per watt.
Radeon R9 270X | by techPowerUp!

texture rate Speed at which a graphics card can perform texture mapping

Radeon R9 280
92.6 GTexel/s
Radeon R9 270X
88 GTexel/s
The card is overclocked out of the box, giving it a 3% performance advantage over the stock R9 270X, which matches the HD 7950 in performance and is 11% faster than the HD 7870.
Radeon R9 270X | by techPowerUp!

floating point performance How fast the gpu can crunch numbers

Radeon R9 280
2,964 GFLOPS
Radeon R9 270X
2,816 GFLOPS
It makes use of Bethesda's Creation Engine which isn't visually intensive in that it doesn't use taxing graphics features; instead, the game's presentation itself, with large open worlds, ends up taxing your hardware.
Radeon R9 270X | by techPowerUp!

shading units Subcomponents of the gpu, these run in parallel to enable fast pixel shading

AMD's Pitcairn graphics processor uses the GCN shader architecture.
Radeon R9 270X | by techPowerUp!

texture mapping units Built into each gpu, these resize and rotate bitmaps for texturing scenes

The 28 nm "Pitcairn" silicon, on which the Radeon R9 270X is based, features 1,280 stream processors based on the Graphics CoreNext micro-architecture, 80 texture memory units (TMUs), 32 raster operations units (ROPs), and a 256-bit wide GDDR5 memory interface, holding 2 GB of memory.
Radeon R9 270X | by techPowerUp!

compute units Discrete cores within the GPU

Getting right in to the technical aspects of the card, the Radeon R9 285 will feature 28 Compute Units which mean we are looking at a total of 1792 stream processors, 112 texture mapping units and 32 raster operation units.
Radeon R9 280 | by hassan-mujtaba (Sep, 2014)

Specifications Full list of technical specs

gpu

Radeon R9 280  vs
270X 
GPU brand AMD AMD
GPU name Tahiti Curacao
Market Desktop Desktop
Clock speed 827 MHz 1,100 MHz
Turbo clock speed 933 MHz 1,150 MHz
Is dual GPU No No
Reference card None AMD Radeon R9 270X 1 GHz 2 GB

raw performance

Shading units 1,792 1,280
Texture mapping units 112 80
Render output processors 32 32
Compute units 28 20
Pixel rate 26.5 GPixel/s 35.2 GPixel/s
Texture rate 92.6 GTexel/s 88 GTexel/s
Floating-point performance 2,964 GFLOPS 2,816 GFLOPS

memory

Radeon R9 280  vs
270X 
Memory clock speed 1,250 MHz 1,500 MHz
Effective memory clock speed 5,000 MHz 6,000 MHz
Memory bus 384 bit 256 bit
Memory 3,072 MB 2,048 MB
Memory type GDDR5 GDDR5

noise and power

TDP 200W 180W

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